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What Does “Levels of Evidence” Mean in Evidence-Based Practice?

In evidence-based practice (EBP), we talk a lot about “Levels of Evidence.”  You will see levels of evidence (LOE) ratings on critically appraised topics or synopses of original research, or in the methodology section or evidence table of a clinical practice guideline or systematic review. But what does an LOE

Using the 6S Pyramid to Find the Best Evidence

  Whether you’ve got a research paper to write or you are looking for best evidence for a specific intervention, you’ve got to search for the evidence to make or back up your arguments, right? Presumably, you’ve answered your background questions and have your foreground question in a PICO format.

What Do P-Values Really Mean?

This month’s blog theme is nursing research, so I’m discussing the meaning of some statistical concepts to help you interpret the research studies you are reading.  I’m going to talk about several concepts this month that I have found both undergraduate and graduate students struggle to really understand. Last week

What’s the Difference Between Statistical Significance and Clinical Significance?

There are two types of significance used to interpret research studies – statistical significance and clinical significance. They are not the same thing. One answers the question, Are the statistical results due to random chance? and the other answers the question, So what? Will the results matter to our patients?

Expert Advice: How to Evaluate the Credibility of an Online Website

Every month I answer a question from my readers and nursing colleagues. This month’s question is about evaluating the credibility of an online website and its associated content. There are many online websites that look good — but how do you know if you can trust the information they are

How to Write a Literature Review

At some point in your graduate nursing program, you will most likely have to write a literature review about an assigned topic or a self-selected topic (e.g., your thesis, dissertation, or capstone project topic). Undergraduate students don’t typically have to write a full-blown literature review; however, the tips in this post

How to Write an Annotation and Annotated Bibliography or Reference List

At some point in time, your faculty may ask you to write an annotated bibliography or an annotated reference list.  This may happen in your undergraduate program, but it is more likely to be a requirement in your graduate program.   This post will define terms, outline the difference between

Career Advice: What are the Requirements for Prescriptive Authority for Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs)?

One of the frequent questions I hear from graduate students or practicing advanced practice registered nurses (APNs or APRNs) is about prescriptive authority. This post will review national and state requirements for APRNs to obtain prescriptive authority and provide online resources for further information. Click Here for Your Free Prescriptive

Five Tips for Success in Graduate School

This post provides five general tips to help you be successful in graduate school. The same general advice will apply to doctoral students, but those in DNP or PhD programs also have to prepare terminal projects, so I won’t get into any advice about mentors, capstone projects, or original research—I’ll

Use the 6A’s to Remember the Evidence-Based Practice Process

In recent weeks, I presented an overview of what the three components of evidence-based practice (best evidence, clinical expertise, and patient preferences) really mean to the evidence-based practitioner.  In this post, I’m going to present an overview of the evidence-based practice process, also known as the “A’s” – this post

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